會(huì)計(jì)Essay代寫格式模板：Evaluation of Measurement Bases for for Financial Reporting

會(huì)計(jì)Essay代寫格式模板，題目是“Evaluation of Measurement Bases for for Financial Reporting（財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告計(jì)量基礎(chǔ)的評(píng)價(jià)）”，2018年3月發(fā)布的修訂后的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告概念框架(概念框架)立即對(duì)國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則理事會(huì)(IASB)和國(guó)際財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告準(zhǔn)則(IFRS)生效。此外，修訂后的概念框架包括一個(gè)新的章節(jié)，即第6章，其中包括計(jì)量及其兩個(gè)基礎(chǔ)是歷史成本和公允價(jià)值。計(jì)量是確定在資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表和損益表中確認(rèn)和應(yīng)計(jì)的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表要素的貨幣數(shù)額的過(guò)程(IFRS基金會(huì)，2010)。此外，本文將詳細(xì)探討這兩種計(jì)量基礎(chǔ)，并實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的例子，全球公司如何利用這些計(jì)量基礎(chǔ)作為因素，考慮將其包括在各自的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表及其影響。最后，這篇文章將通過(guò)概述在其有效和高效的查看財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表中更有效地利用計(jì)量基礎(chǔ)來(lái)總結(jié)。

The revised Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting (Conceptual Framework) issued in March 2018 is effective immediately for the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Additionally, the revised Conceptual Framework included a new chapter, being chapter 6, which included measurement and its two bases being historical cost and fair value. Measurement is the process of determining the monetary amounts at which the elements of the financial statements are to be recognised and accrued in the balance sheet and the income statement (IFRS Foundation, 2010). Furthermore, this essay will explore the two measurement bases in detail as well as implementing real life examples of how global companies utilise these measurement bases as factors when considering including it within their respective financial statements and its impact. Finally, this essay will then conclude by outlining which measurement base is more efficient in its utilisation within financial statements for effective and efficient viewing.

Firstly, many of the leading companies around the world intend to publish their respective financial statements, on an annually/quarterly basis, in order for effective use. It can then be considered that both the measurement bases being historical cost and current value are therefore not ‘mutually exclusive’ and instead both concepts are mainly ‘complementary’ both having their respective strengths and weaknesses [Deaconou A, 2004]. The First element being historical cost which measures use information derived from the transaction or event that created the element [Maynard, J. (2017). Financial accounting, reporting & analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p80]. Some of the companies which will be discussed within the essay that implement historical cost will be Lego and Mercedes which are well renowned global companies.

首先，世界上許多領(lǐng)先的公司都打算每年或每季度公布各自的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表，以便有效地使用。然后可以認(rèn)為，作為歷史成本和當(dāng)前價(jià)值的測(cè)量基礎(chǔ)因此不是“互斥的”，相反，這兩個(gè)概念主要是“互補(bǔ)的”，都有各自的優(yōu)勢(shì)和劣勢(shì)[Deaconou A, 2004]。第一個(gè)元素是歷史成本，它度量了從創(chuàng)建該元素的交易或事件中獲得的信息[Maynard, J.(2017)]。財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)、報(bào)告和分析。牛津:牛津大學(xué)出版社。p80]。在這篇文章中將要討論的一些實(shí)施歷史成本的公司將是樂高和梅賽德斯，這是著名的全球公司。

On the other hand, another measurement base which companies may consider when structuring their financial statements is current value also known as ‘fair value’ main purpose is to measure the use of information that is updated to reflect the conditions at the measurement date and incorporate both positive and negative changes [Maynard, J. (2017). Financial accounting, reporting & analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p81]. Alongside, current value the companies which will be discussed are Microsoft and Hugo Boss where they employ fair value as their stronger form of measurement in regards to their financial assets. Alternatively, many companies around the world also use their own respective measurement bases to effectively measure liabilities alongside assets. However, for the purpose of this essay it will only concentrate on the measurement of assets rather than liabilities.

另一方面,另一個(gè)構(gòu)建時(shí)測(cè)量基礎(chǔ),公司可能會(huì)考慮他們的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表是當(dāng)前值也稱為“公允價(jià)值”的主要目的是測(cè)量使用的信息更新,以反映條件測(cè)量日期和把正面和負(fù)面的變化[梅納德j .(2017)。財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)、報(bào)告和分析。牛津:牛津大學(xué)出版社。p81]。此外，當(dāng)前價(jià)值將被討論的公司是微軟和Hugo Boss，他們使用公允價(jià)值作為衡量其金融資產(chǎn)的更有力的形式。另外，世界各地的許多公司也使用各自的計(jì)量基礎(chǔ)來(lái)有效地計(jì)量負(fù)債和資產(chǎn)。然而，就本文的目的而言，它將只集中于資產(chǎn)的計(jì)量而不是負(fù)債。

One of the companies which prioritise historical cost is Lego. According to Lego (annual reports 2017) their consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the historical cost convention. Furthermore, Lego is regulated by the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) only recently in 2015 which is line with the Conceptual framework further insinuating the approach of the regulation which is principle based. One of the possible reasoning’s for Lego (2017) to base the majority of their financial assets, within their financial statements, could be solely down to the reliability of historical cost. This is due to the acquisition of the non – current assets being made a reliable transaction as it is documented through receipts, invoices and contracts in order for further proof and evidence of its purchase, thus solidifying its verifiability. Due to this it then indicates that annual reports are not misleading towards the financial market as the figures stated are genuine. Contrastingly, this is further enhanced through the recent tragic incident regarding ‘Alton Towers’ where some of the public were injured in a ride due to some maintenance issues which caused the accident. The costs of the damages were not anticipated to be included the following year’s annual reports. This then depicts how the annual reports may be misleading to potential investors, lenders and the public thus undermining the credibility and illustrating the financial statements as not being faithfully represented as this then depicts the liability on the part of Merlin Entertainments.

優(yōu)先考慮歷史成本的公司之一是樂高(Lego)。根據(jù)樂高(2017年年度報(bào)告)，他們的合并財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表是按照歷史成本慣例編制的。此外，樂高僅在2015年才受到國(guó)際財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(IFRS)的監(jiān)管，這與概念框架一致，進(jìn)一步暗示了基于原則的監(jiān)管方法。樂高(2017年)將其大部分金融資產(chǎn)建立在其財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表中，可能的原因之一是歷史成本的可靠性。這是由于對(duì)非流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)的收購(gòu)是一項(xiàng)可靠的交易，它通過(guò)收據(jù)、發(fā)票和合同進(jìn)行記錄，以便進(jìn)一步證明和證明其購(gòu)買，從而鞏固了其可核實(shí)性。由于這一點(diǎn)，它然后表明，年度報(bào)告沒有誤導(dǎo)金融市場(chǎng)，因?yàn)樗愂龅臄?shù)字是真實(shí)的。相比之下，最近發(fā)生在“奧爾頓塔”的悲劇事件進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化了這一點(diǎn)，在這起事故中，一些公眾在乘坐過(guò)程中因一些維護(hù)問題而受傷。預(yù)計(jì)損失費(fèi)用不會(huì)包括在下一年的年度報(bào)告中。這然后描述了年度報(bào)告如何可能誤導(dǎo)潛在的投資者，貸款人和公眾，從而破壞可信性，并說(shuō)明財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表不如其所示，然后描述了部分梅林娛樂的責(zé)任。

Additionally, another argument made could be that many companies refer to historical cost as part of their financial assets could be solely down to a lack of data manipulation as there will always be a foundation for the respective business transaction. Another possible reasoning for companies such as ‘Lego’ for settling with historical cost as their main measurement base for their financial assets could potentially be down to companies utilising their financial assets in order to produce goods and services for the benefit of customers. This is further reinforced through Hoogervosrt [2015] who supports this claim by stating that it may be in the interest of companies to ‘combine assets’ for customer usage which may illustrate the significance of historical cost and its distinction. Another company which favours historical cost within its annual reports is Mercedes (annual reports 2017). According to Mercedes (2017), the accounting standards to which they adhere to are the (Accounting standards)?

此外，還有一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，許多公司將歷史成本作為其金融資產(chǎn)的一部分，可能僅僅是因?yàn)槿狈?shù)據(jù)操縱，因?yàn)楦鱾€(gè)業(yè)務(wù)交易總是有基礎(chǔ)的?！皹犯摺钡裙疽詺v史成本作為其金融資產(chǎn)的主要衡量基礎(chǔ)的另一個(gè)可能原因可能是，這些公司利用其金融資產(chǎn)為客戶生產(chǎn)商品和提供服務(wù)。Hoogervosrt[2015]進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化了這一點(diǎn)，他支持這一主張，指出為客戶使用“合并資產(chǎn)”可能符合公司的利益，這可能說(shuō)明了歷史成本及其區(qū)別的重要性。另一家傾向于在年度報(bào)告中采用歷史成本的公司是梅賽德斯(2017年年度報(bào)告)。根據(jù)Mercedes(2017)，他們所遵循的會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則是(accounting standards)?

On the other hand, it could possibly be argued that historical cost as a measurement base also has its drawbacks especially the fact that the acquisition cost of a certain asset does become slightly outdated over the years. Moreover, the repercussion of measuring assets through the use of historical cost is that it then ultimately leads the cost being overstated whereas depreciation on the other hand is then understated.

另一方面，歷史成本作為計(jì)量基礎(chǔ)也有其缺點(diǎn)，特別是某項(xiàng)資產(chǎn)的取得成本隨著時(shí)間的推移會(huì)變得有些過(guò)時(shí)。此外，通過(guò)使用歷史成本來(lái)衡量資產(chǎn)的后果是，它最終導(dǎo)致成本被高估，而折舊則被低估。

On the contrary according to Microsoft (annual reports 2018) they have specifically indicated that they account for certain assets as well as liabilities at fair value. Moreover, Microsoft are regulated by the financial accounting standard board which is US GAAP which enhances how the regulation has more of a rule – based approach rather than principle based which would be of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). In support of Microsoft opting to utilise their assets at fair value it can be argued that at current value it is an efficient and effective method of comparability between different companies as an effective measure of comparing and contrasting the company’s financial assets with another business in order to gain a competitive edge

相反，根據(jù)微軟(2018年年度報(bào)告)，它們明確表示，它們以公允價(jià)值計(jì)入某些資產(chǎn)和負(fù)債。此外，微軟受到財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)委員會(huì)的監(jiān)管，這是美國(guó)公認(rèn)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則，這加強(qiáng)了監(jiān)管有更多的規(guī)則為基礎(chǔ)的方法，而不是原則為基礎(chǔ)的國(guó)際財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告準(zhǔn)則(IFRS)。支持微軟選擇利用他們的資產(chǎn)公允價(jià)值可以認(rèn)為,在當(dāng)前值,它是一種有效的和有效的方法不同公司之間的相似性比較和對(duì)比的有效措施與另一個(gè)業(yè)務(wù)公司的金融資產(chǎn)以獲得競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)

Similarly, Hugo Boss (2017) also account their major assets at fair value whilst their other assets may be recorded through historical cost. T

Contrastingly, it could also be argued that fair value also has its weaknesses too. Firstly, the value of the asset can become unreliable and irrelevant if the PPE were never to be sold. Likewise, fair value’s credibility can be further enhanced through the use of creative accounting as current value mostly has the tendency in order for companies to gain an advantage in terms of publishing their respective annual reports due to misleading figures and profits. This is further supported by a recent event in which a major company being Tesco misinterpreted their figures in the financial statements as they initially overstated their profits for the accounting period by approximately ￡263 million Kukreja & Gupta [2016].

相比之下，公允價(jià)值也有其弱點(diǎn)。首先，如果不出售PPE，資產(chǎn)的價(jià)值可能變得不可靠和無(wú)關(guān)。同樣，公允價(jià)值的可信度可以通過(guò)使用創(chuàng)造性會(huì)計(jì)進(jìn)一步提高，因?yàn)楫?dāng)前價(jià)值大多具有這樣的趨勢(shì)，以使公司在發(fā)布各自的年度報(bào)告時(shí)，由于誤導(dǎo)性的數(shù)字和利潤(rùn)獲得優(yōu)勢(shì)。最近發(fā)生的一件事進(jìn)一步證明了這一點(diǎn):一家大型公司樂購(gòu)曲解了他們?cè)谪?cái)務(wù)報(bào)表中的數(shù)字，因?yàn)樗麄冏畛鯇?huì)計(jì)期間的利潤(rùn)夸大了大約2.63億英鎊Kukreja & Gupta[2016]。

To conclude, this essay has explored the basic concept of both the measurement bases in detail being historical cost and current value. Additionally, outlining some of the major companies around the world and analysing their preferred choice of measurement regarding their respective financial assets as well as discussing the benefits and the drawbacks of each. Additionally, it can be argued that for some of the major companies it would be beneficial for them to utilise historical cost as a measurement basis for their financial assets whereas others may want to operate with fair value. This essay has also in one way or another examined which companies are regulated in regards to the financial accounting standards. From the following essay it is then clear that both measurement bases are reliable in their own way thus the majority of worldwide companies employ both bases of measurement in regards to its financial assets and liabilities reinforcing the significance of both historical cost and fair value.

最后，本文詳細(xì)探討了歷史成本和現(xiàn)值兩種計(jì)量基礎(chǔ)的基本概念。此外，概述了一些主要的公司在世界各地，并分析了他們首選的衡量方式，關(guān)于他們各自的金融資產(chǎn)，并討論了每個(gè)的好處和缺點(diǎn)。此外，可以認(rèn)為，對(duì)于一些大公司來(lái)說(shuō)，將歷史成本作為其金融資產(chǎn)的計(jì)量基礎(chǔ)是有益的，而其他公司可能想要以公允價(jià)值進(jìn)行操作。這篇文章也以一種或另一種方式檢查了哪些公司是監(jiān)管的財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則。從下面的文章可以清楚地看到，這兩種計(jì)量基礎(chǔ)都是可靠的，因此，大多數(shù)全球公司在其金融資產(chǎn)和負(fù)債方面采用這兩種計(jì)量基礎(chǔ)，以加強(qiáng)歷史成本和公允價(jià)值的重要性。

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