英國倫敦大學(xué)(University of London): 對學(xué)生dissertation手冊中評估罪行之抄襲及相關(guān)內(nèi)容

11. Assessment Offences
評估罪行

 
Plagiarism
抄襲

Plagiarism is treated as a major offence by the University of London. This applies equally  to  copying  from  books,  articles  and  other  works,  and  the  copying  of  an essay,  or  other  work,  written  or  produced  by  another  student.  Plagiarism  carries very  serious  penalties;  the  consequences  may  range from  the  failure  of  the  work
submitted to failing the course and potentially even the entire programme of study.
抄襲被倫敦大學(xué)視為一項(xiàng)嚴(yán)重的犯規(guī)。這同樣適用于書籍，文章和其他作品的復(fù)制，復(fù)制的文章，或由另一名學(xué)生書寫或進(jìn)行。剽竊進(jìn)行非常嚴(yán)厲的懲罰，后果可能范圍從故障工作提交課程不及格，甚至有可能是整個(gè)方案的研究。

The  most  severe  consequence  could  lead  to  dismissal  from  the  University  of
London.  Please  refer  to  the  College  Regulations  governing  Examination  and Assessment Offences (on the following web page) for further details of procedures that will be followed if plagiarism is suspected:
最嚴(yán)重的后果可能被倫敦大學(xué)導(dǎo)致解雇。請學(xué)院參照規(guī)章進(jìn)一步的細(xì)節(jié)將遵循的程序，如果被懷疑抄襲，考試及評核罪行。

The definition for plagiarism can be found in the College Regulations, published on the College Website.  The College Regulations governing Examination and Assessment Offences state the following:
抄襲的定義，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)在學(xué)院規(guī)則，學(xué)院網(wǎng)站上公布。書院規(guī)例規(guī)管考試及評核罪行列明下列各項(xiàng)：
http://ukthesis.org/Thesis_Tips/Handbook

Plagiarism  ‘means  the  presentation  of  another  person’s  work  in  any  quantity without  adequately identifying it and citing its source in  a  way  which is consistent with  good  scholarly  practice  in  the  discipline  and commensurate  with  the  level  of professional  conduct  expected  from  the  student.  The source which is plagiarised may  take  any  form  (including  words,  graphs  and  images,  musical  texts,  data, source code, ideas or judgements) and may exist in any published or unpublished medium,  including  the  internet.’  …    ‘Plagiarism  may  occur  in  any  piece  of  work presented  by  a  student,  including  examination  scripts,  although  standards  for citation  of  sources  may  vary  dependent  on  the  method  of  assessment.  Group working  would  constitute  plagiarism  where  the  discipline  or  the  method  of assessment emphasises independent study and collective ideas are presented as uniquely those of the individual submitting the work.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
抄襲'是指介紹他人作品在任何數(shù)量不充分識(shí)別，并引用其來源的方式是一致的紀(jì)律和良好的學(xué)術(shù)實(shí)踐水平預(yù)計(jì)從學(xué)生的專業(yè)操守相稱。這是抄襲的源可能采取任何形式（包括文字，圖形和圖像，音樂文本，數(shù)據(jù)，源代碼，想法或判斷），可能存在于任何已發(fā)表或未發(fā)表的媒介，包括互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。'...'抄襲可能發(fā)生在任何一幅作品由一個(gè)學(xué)生，包括考試答卷，雖然可能取決于評估方法的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)引用來源。工作組將構(gòu)成抄襲的紀(jì)律或評估方法的強(qiáng)調(diào)自主學(xué)習(xí)和集體觀念作為唯一的個(gè)人提交的工作。
 
An allegation of plagiarism does not necessarily imply an allegation of intent on the part of the student to cheat. Situations which may, however, imply cheating in this context include:
抄襲的指控并不一定意味著對部分學(xué)生作弊的指控意圖。然而，可能意味著在此背景下作弊的情況包括：
the use of sources which would not normally be available to the student, such as work submitted by others in previous years;
使用的來源，通常不會(huì)提供給學(xué)生，如前幾年其他人提交的工作

(a) an attempt to disacknowledge the plagiarism when presented with material evidence;
當(dāng)提交其他材料證據(jù)時(shí)，企圖否認(rèn)剽竊
(b) collusion with another person; and
與其他人串通，及
(c) a repeat offence.
屢犯
 
To  identify  plagiarism  is  an  academic  judgement,  based  on  a  comparison  across the  student’s  work  in  general,  and/or  on  knowledge of  the  sources,  of  practice  in the  discipline  and  of  expectations  for  professional  conduct.  Academic  staff  may therefore  determine  that  plagiarism  has  taken  place  even  if  the  source  has  not been identified.’
為了找出抄襲的學(xué)術(shù)判斷，在一般情況下，整個(gè)學(xué)生的工作和/或知識(shí)的來源的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行比較，實(shí)踐中的紀(jì)律和專業(yè)操守的期望。學(xué)術(shù)人員可能因此確定抄襲已經(jīng)發(fā)生，即使源尚未確定。“

Avoiding Plagiarism
避免抄襲

 
1.  Wide  reading: The  more  dependent  you  are  on  one  source  or  just  a small number  of  sources,  the  more  likely  you  are  to  replicate  the  ideas  those  authors offer.  It  is  good  academic  practice  to  consult  as  widely  as  possible,  and  to  focus your  reading  on  the  issues  raised  in  the  assignment  topic  rather  than  retrieving everything  you  read.  The further you progress through your degree programme, the more widely and deeply you will have to read in order to address issues raised in assignments.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
廣泛閱讀：越是依賴你是一個(gè)源或只是少量的來源，你就越有可能復(fù)制這些作者提供的思路。這是良好的學(xué)術(shù)實(shí)踐，盡可能廣泛的協(xié)商，并在分配課題提出的問題，而不是檢索你讀到的一切重點(diǎn)閱讀。進(jìn)一步你的進(jìn)步，通過學(xué)位課程，更廣泛和深入，以解決分配中提出的問題，你將不得不讀。
 
2.  Careful note taking and paraphrasing ideas:  Much preparation for assignments  involves  taking  notes  from  books  or  other  materials  that  you  are reading.  In  taking  notes,  you  should  be  careful  not  to  copy  sentences  or paragraphs  directly,  unless  you  place  them  in  inverted  commas.  If you omit the inverted commas, you might forget that you copied directly and therefore plagiarise unintentionally. It is good academic practice to learn to paraphrase arguments. To do so, you should read, say, a chapter of a textbook and then use your own words and  your  own  sequence  of  ideas  to  record  the  arguments  as  they  relate  to  the issues raised by your assignment.
仔細(xì)記筆記和解述想法
 
3.  Clear  citing  and  referencing:  It  is important  to  record  in  your  notes when  a passage  is  a  direct  quotation;  do  not  forget  to  note  also  the  page  on  which  the quotation is located. Direct quotes are very useful mechanisms for conveying key ideas concisely, but in management assignments they should be used sparingly – e.g. for clarifying definitions of concepts. You should avoid citing huge chunks and paragraphs from sources.  When you do quote directly, you must use inverted commas, make a clear reference to the source at the point of quotation (e.g. Jones 1999: p.10) and provide its full reference details in a bibliography (reference list) at the end of the assignment.
   清除引用和參考
 
4.  Citation  of  all  consulted  sources:  In  order  to  optimise  transparency  in academic work, it is necessary to provide a full list of all the sources consulted in writing  an  assignment.  All articles, books and other materials, including Internet sources, should be referenced in conformity with the Harvard system, as specified above.
    所有咨詢源的引用
 
5.  Wary  use  of  Internet  sources:  Although  it  is  convenient  and  quick  to  gain access to materials on the Internet, you should note that there is virtually no quality control over what appears on the Internet. There are obvious exceptions – such as Web  sites  established  by  authoritative  institutions  (e.g.  The  Economist;  World Bank) – but in general you should think hard before relying on information from the Internet.  Where  you  do  make  use  of  such  sources,  you  must  give  full  reference details, including the date you accessed the site.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
    警惕利用網(wǎng)上資源
 
6.  Writing individual assignments on your own:  Most  assignments  are designed  to  examine  your  individual  skills  and  understanding,  and  it  is  important that  you  write  such  assignments  on  your  own.  This does  not  prevent  you  from discussing assignments with colleagues – indeed, this is often a very good practice –  but  the  way  you  present  information  and  construct  an  argument  should  reflect your knowledge and ability.
   寫自己的上面寫個(gè)人essay

Duplication
復(fù)制

All work submitted must be your own and original. Please note that any work previously submitted for another course or programme (e.g.  UG work) at RHUL or any other institution is not acceptable. Para  2  (b)  of  the  2009-10 Regulations  on  Assessment  Offences  makes  clear  that  “the unacknowledged  replication  of  one’s  own  work  in  any  quantity  across separate assessments without sufficient redevelopment to make it novel and appropriate  to  each  assessment  is  an  examination  offence.  This  would include  the  replication  of  work  which  was  previously  submitted  for assessment at another institution”
提交的所有工作必須是你自己和原始。請注意先前提交的其他課程或計(jì)劃（如UG工作）在房間內(nèi)或任何其他機(jī)構(gòu)的任何工作是不能接受的。 2009-10評估程序治罪條例“第2條（b）明確指出，”未確認(rèn)的復(fù)制自己的作品在任何數(shù)量的分布在不同的評估沒有足夠的重建，使其新穎，適合每個(gè)評估是考試的罪行。這將包括復(fù)制的工作，這是以前在另一家機(jī)構(gòu)提交評估“

A  note  on  paraphrasing  and  quoting:  Quotes  are  direct  transcriptions  of  text from other  sources  while  paraphrasing  uses  your  own  words  to  express  others’  ideas. You  should  attempt  to  paraphrase  where  possible  and  only  use  quotes  sparingly and  strategically.  Both paraphrasing and quoting require referencing, and quotes must refer to the page number from which they were taken.
意譯的注意事項(xiàng)和引用：行情是從其他來源的文字直接抄錄，而意譯用你自己的話來表達(dá)別人的想法。你應(yīng)該嘗試套用在可能的情況下，只使用引號(hào)謹(jǐn)慎策略。轉(zhuǎn)述和引述需要引用和引號(hào)必須參考的頁碼被當(dāng)作。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

You  should  also  refer  to  the  Student  Handbook of  the  current  academic  year  for practical instructions on how plagiarism and duplication can be avoided.
你還應(yīng)該參考，實(shí)際說明如何避免抄襲和復(fù)制。