經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)作業(yè)：中央政府支出

中央政府支出
 

自1987 - 88年的預(yù)算，中央政府采用了一項(xiàng)新分類的公共支出。在這種新的分類下,所有公共支出分為非計(jì)劃支出和開(kāi)支計(jì)劃。中央政府的非計(jì)劃被進(jìn)一步分為收入支出和資本支出。收益支出由稅收來(lái)提供資金，包括稅收和非稅收收入。
 

非計(jì)劃收入支出包括(a)收入利息支出、國(guó)防支出,主要補(bǔ)貼(食品、肥料和促進(jìn)出口），其他補(bǔ)貼,減免債務(wù)的農(nóng)民,郵政赤字,警察、養(yǎng)老金、其他總務(wù)(國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)、稅收征管、外部事務(wù),等等)。(b) 社會(huì)服務(wù)(教育、醫(yī)療、廣播等)。(c)經(jīng)濟(jì)服務(wù)(農(nóng)業(yè)、工業(yè)、電力、交通、通訊、科技、等等)。(d) 撥款給各州和聯(lián)邦領(lǐng)土與外國(guó)政府贈(zèng)款。
 

非計(jì)劃資本支出包括國(guó)防資本支出等項(xiàng)目,公共企業(yè)貸款,貸款給州和聯(lián)邦領(lǐng)土與外國(guó)政府貸款。計(jì)劃支出包括(a)中央計(jì)劃,如農(nóng)業(yè)、農(nóng)村發(fā)展、灌溉和防洪,能源、工業(yè)和礦物質(zhì),交通、通訊、科技、環(huán)境、社會(huì)服務(wù)和(b)中央幫助州和聯(lián)邦屬地的計(jì)劃。
 

改革開(kāi)放前的趨勢(shì)
 

印度的政府支出在1950 - 51年迅速增長(zhǎng)。在獨(dú)立之前,印度沒(méi)有計(jì)劃,政府的一部分沒(méi)有努力去建立一個(gè)福利國(guó)家。因此,公共支出相對(duì)較小。
 

第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間,政府支出因?yàn)閼?zhàn)爭(zhēng)的努力而增加。在戰(zhàn)后時(shí)期的規(guī)劃和政府提供的福利服務(wù)在很大程度上導(dǎo)致了公共支出，在中心處和在美國(guó)迅速增加。
 

此外，支出的情況已經(jīng)變化非常明顯。英國(guó)政府在印度獨(dú)立之前，主要對(duì)國(guó)家的國(guó)防和公民管理感興趣。因此，中央政府和邦政府大部分支出花費(fèi)在這些服務(wù)上。

 

The central government expenditure

The Central government adopted a new classification of public expenditure from 1987-88 budgets. Under this new classification, all public expenditure is classified into non-plan expenditure and plan expenditure.
 

Non-plan expenditure of the central govt. is further divided into revenue expenditure and capital expenditure. Revenue expenditure is financed out of revenue receipts, both tax revenue and non tax revenue.
 

Non-plan revenue expenditure includes (a) Interest payments, defense revenue expenditure, major subsidies (food, fertilizers and export promotion), other subsidies, debt relief to farmers, postal deficit, police, pensions, other general services(organs of state, tax collection, external affairs, etc.) (b) Social services (education, health, broadcasting, etc.) (c) Economic services (agriculture, industry, power, transport, communications, science and technology, etc.)(d) Grants to states and union territories and grants to foreign governments.
Non-plan capital expenditure includes such items as defense capital expenditure, loans to public enterprises, loans to states and union territories and loans to foreign governments.Plan expenditure consists of (a) central plans such as on agriculture, rural development, irrigation and flood control, energy, industry and minerals, transport, communications, science and technology and environment, social services and (b) central assistance for the states and union territories plans.

改革開(kāi)放前的趨勢(shì)——Trends in pre-reform period
 

Government expenditure in India has been growing very rapidly after 1950-51. Before independence, there was no planning in India and no effort on the part of government to establish a welfare state. Public expenditure was, therefore, comparatively small.
 

During Second World War, government expenditure increased because of the war efforts. In the post war period introduction of planning and the provision by the government of welfare services in a big way caused public expenditure, both at the centre and in the states to increase rapidly.
 

Moreover the complexion of expenditure has also been changing very conspicuously. Before independence the British government in India was interested primarily in the defense and civil administration of the country. Therefore, a large part of the expenditure of the central and state governments was on these services.
 

農(nóng)業(yè)和水利—— Agriculture and irrigation
 

Except during the first plan when agriculture and irrigation were allotted 30% of total outlay, all other plans allotted between 20-24% of outlay.
 

電力項(xiàng)目——Power Program

The allocation on power development was low during the first four plans between 10-15% of the total outlay. The low priority given to the power development was on the ground that industries had not come up so fast and the progress in rural electrification, use of electric power in railway transport system was inadequate. It was only in the seventh plan that the allocation on power was raised steeply to 28% of the total outlay.
 

行業(yè)和礦物質(zhì)——Industries and Minerals
 

The high priority given to the agriculture in the public sector programs in the first plan was at the cost of low priority given to the industries. But from the second plan onwards the relative share of industries and minerals was raised sharply from 6% in the first plan to 24% of the total plan outlay in second plan. The allocation o industries have been generally around 24% of the total public sector outlay till sixth plan. In the next two plans, outlays to industries declined steeply.
 

交通和通訊——Transportation and Communications#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#
 

The allocation in transportation and communication was quite high during the first two plans- between 25 to 28%. But since then their share has declined. However, the country was regularly facing serious transport bottlenecks which resulted in retarded output and income. Consequently, the Eighth plan pushed up the outlay to 23%.
 

社會(huì)和雜項(xiàng)服務(wù)——Social and Miscellaneous Services
 

The services include education, health and family planning, housing, labor welfare and welfare of backward class, etc. These services are significant from the point of view of the poor and economically backward people. A considerable amount of scarce resources have been allotted in plans for the provision of these services. But for the first and the third plan, which allotted 23 and 24% respectively for social services, the outlay ranged between 15 to 19% from the second to the eighth Plans.
 

改革開(kāi)放后的趨勢(shì)——Trends in post-reform period
 

Right from 1980s, a marked deterioration was set into the budgetary positions of both the Center and the State. The second oil price rise (1976) affected the state of government finances in a big way. This resulted not only in increase in already high outstanding debt but also a larger interest payment. An efficient response to the shock, involved a thorough reorganization of the macroeconomic setup. Reduction in fiscal deficit, depreciation of exchange rate and a restoration of market forces in the financial sector were all part of the package deal to save the economy.
 

A program of macroeconomic stabilization was initiated by the government in July 1991. it was during this period that the new economic policy was adopted and the economy gradually underwent towards liberalization, privatization and globalization.
 

Henceforth a paradigm shift in the pattern of government expenditure was observed during this period which can be studied as follows:
 

第八個(gè)五年計(jì)劃——EIGHTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1992-97)
 

The eighth five year plan reflected the process of fiscal reform and also economic reforms which reflected government’s attempt to accelerate economic growth and improve the quality of life of the common man.
 

The second oil price rise (1976) affected the state of government finances in a big way. This resulted not only in increase in already high outstanding debt but also a larger interest payment. An efficient response to the shock, involved a thorough reorganization of the macroeconomic setup. Reduction in fiscal deficit, depreciation of exchange rate and a restoration of market forces in the financial sector were all part of the package deal to save the economy.
 

A program of macroeconomic stabilization was initiated by the government in July 1991. It was during this period that the new economic policy was adopted and the economy gradually underwent towards liberalization, privatization and globalization. Henceforth a paradigm shift in the pattern of government expenditure was observed during this period.#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#
 

The eighth five year plan reflected the process of fiscal reform and also economic reforms which reflected government’s attempt to accelerate economic growth and improve the quality of life of the common man.There was a slight improvement in the allocation for social services to 19% in this plan so as to improve “human capitalâ€Â? especially by improving literacy. Also, outlay on energy was increased in order to reduce infrastructure constraint.
 

During ninth five year plan, infrastructure which became a major constraint due to inadequacy of complementary private investment, was paid due attention. There was a re-orientation of plan priorities and hence the change in public outlay was distinct. By allocating 72% of the plan funds to irrigation, energy, transport and communication and social services, this plan stressed on the development of infrastructure.
 

Overall increase in the plan outlay for Tenth plan over that of Ninth Plan (Rs. 29944 crores) was 232%.