計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)留學(xué)dissertation-Software industries

軟件行業(yè)

在上世紀(jì)60年代早期，電腦以一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方式銷售，軟件產(chǎn)業(yè)自此迅速起步。大學(xué)和企業(yè)開始使用這些計(jì)算機(jī)，并尋求程序來做某些計(jì)算任務(wù)。這些程序有很多是由專職的工作人員編寫的。有些在使用某種機(jī)器的用戶間免費(fèi)。但其它是建立在一個(gè)商業(yè)基礎(chǔ)上，第一個(gè)獨(dú)立的軟件公司在1959-1960的美國(guó)建立。很快，計(jì)算機(jī)開始將操作系統(tǒng)軟件和編程環(huán)境與機(jī)器捆綁在一起。當(dāng)時(shí)占據(jù)了大部分電腦市場(chǎng)的IBM成為一個(gè)家喻戶曉的名字。

當(dāng)數(shù)字設(shè)備公司帶來了一個(gè)相對(duì)廉價(jià)的微型計(jì)算機(jī)市場(chǎng)，使公司和大學(xué)使用電腦，在新的強(qiáng)大的編程語言和方法方面不斷創(chuàng)新。新的軟件是為微型計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)的。包括IBM在內(nèi)的其它公司效仿DECs的例子，產(chǎn)生了IBM AS400等。

隨著20世紀(jì)70年代個(gè)人電腦的興起，為辦公室員工提供了電腦操作，計(jì)算機(jī)行業(yè)明顯擴(kuò)大。在隨后幾年中，它還為游戲、應(yīng)用和公用事業(yè)創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)不斷增長(zhǎng)的市場(chǎng)。微軟第一款產(chǎn)品，是當(dāng)時(shí)占主導(dǎo)地位的操作系統(tǒng)。

軟件行業(yè)——Software industry

 

The software industries started in the early 1960s, almost immediately after computers ('mainframes') were first sold in a more or less standardized way. Universities and businesses began to use these computers and to seek out programs to do certain computing tasks. Many of these programs were written in-house by full-time staff programmers. Some were distributed freely between users of a particular machine for no charge. But others were done on a commercial basis, and the very first standalone software firms started in the United States in 1959-1960. Pretty soon, the computer-makers started bundling operating systems software and programming environments with their machines. IBM, which delivered most of the computers at the time, became a household name in corporate businesses worldwide.

 

When Digital Equipment Corporation brought a relatively low-priced micro-computer to market, it brought computing within reach of many more companies and universities worldwide, and it spawned great innovation in terms of new, powerful programming languages and methodologies. New software was built for micro-computers, and others, including IBM, followed DECs example quickly, resulting in the IBM AS400 amongst others.

 

The industry expanded greatly with the rise of the personal computer in the mid-1970s, which brought computing to the desktop of the office worker. In subsequent years, it also created a growing market for games, applications, and utilities. DOS, Microsoft's first product, was the dominant operating system at the time.

 

In the early years of the 21st century, another successful business model has arisen for hosted software, called software as a service, or SaaS; this was at least the third time this model had been attempted. SaaS reduces the concerns about software piracy, since it can only be accessed through the Web, and by definition no client software is loaded onto the end user's PC.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

 

There are several types of businesses in the software industry. Infrastructure software, including operating systems, middleware and databases, is made by companies such as Microsoft, IBM, Sybase, EMC and VMWare. Enterprise software, the software that automates business processes in finance, production, logistics, sales and marketing, is made by Oracle, SAP AG , Sage and Infor. Security software is made by the likes of Symantec, Trend Micro and Kaspersky. Several industry-specific software makers are also among the largest software companies in the world: SunGard, making software for banks, BlackBoard making software for schools, and companies like Qualcomm or CyberVision making software for telecom companies. Other companies do contract programming to develop unique software for one particular client company, or focus on configuring and customizing suites from large vendors such as SAP or Oracle.

 

行業(yè)規(guī)模——Size of the industry

 

According to market researcher DataMonitor, the size of the worldwide software industry in 2008 was US$ 303.8 billion, an increase of 6.5% compared to 2007. Americas account for 42.6% of the global software market's value. DataMonitor forecasts that in 2013, the global software market will have a value of US$ 457 billion, an increase of 50.5% since 2008.

 

軟件行業(yè)特點(diǎn)——SOFTWARE INDUSTRY FEATURES

 

規(guī)模和增長(zhǎng)——Size and Growth

 

Sales revenue of India's widely known software industry is not greater than that of the less internationally prominent Chinese software industry. The Indian industry reached about $23.4 billion in sales revenue in the Indian fiscal year 2006-07 (NASSCOM 2008). The worldwide software industry size was $1,045 billion in 2006 (International Data Corporation 2007).

 

The number of firms in India was about 3,170 in 2006-07. The size distribution of firms is characterized by a few large firms - the biggest five firms account for 44% of the industry's revenue - and many smaller firms (NASSCOM 2007).

 

產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)類型——Types of Products and Services

 

The Indian software industry is predominantly a software services industry. In 2006-07, software packaged products accounted for only 5% of the Indian industry's revenue, while software services made up 68% of the industry and BPO brought in another 27% (Dataquest 2007). Most of the Indian software services consisted of production of customized software from project-based engagements with clients. Much of this work consists of programming, testing, and maintenance, and in total probably more than three-quarters of Indian software services production is at the low end of the knowledge capital continuum.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

 

These companies have one thing in common; they offer a variety of services. These services range from consultancy services to Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) units to customized solutions in the IT domain.

 

TCS is the largest software services company in Asia, ahead of other Indian software service providers like Infosys and Wipro. Earlier, it became the first Indian software company to cross the coveted US$ 1 billion revenue mark. The company has a wide range of offerings and caters to industries like banking, insurance and financial services (41% of revenues), manufacturing (17%), telecom, (15%) and retail (7%). TCS was one of the pioneers of the much-acclaimed global delivery model and the same has helped it to post good results in the past and will help with future achievements as well.

 

The software industry has become a part of everyday life, be it providing solutions for business or entertainment. Ample opportunity does not ensure that the companies listed in the top ten will remain there as tough competition from the ever-increasing number of software companies can completely alter the list. There are organizations like Visualsoft Techonologies Limited, Tata Elxis Limited and Geometric Software Solutions Co. Ltd waiting in the wings. The key to survival in this industry is providing solutions a click away and creating and inventing products before someone else does.

 

國(guó)內(nèi)軟件市場(chǎng)——Domestic Software Market

 

In 1998-99, the domestic software market has been estimated at Rs. 49.5 billion (US$ 1.25 billion) and this does not include the in-house development of software by end users. The domestic software market has shown a C.A.G.R. of 46.05 percent which has been steadily improving in the last few year.

 

The growth rate of the domestic software market was 41.02 percent 1998-99. The domestic software market is expected to gross Rs. 73 billion in 1999-2000. With the rigorous enforcement of Copyright laws, increase in government spending on I.T. it is expected that in the coming years, the domestic market for software can even register more than 50 percent annual growth rates.

 

Also, the government has implemented zero import duty on software. This is already having buoyant effect on the market and there is a increasing trend of buying software through the Internet. It is expected that by 2008 revenues of Indian domestic software market would touch US $ 37 billion. In the next few years, the prominent growth in the domestic software market is expected to get boost by segments such as banking, E-governance, defence, etc.

 

軟件出口行業(yè)——Software Export Industry

 

The Indian software export industry continues to show impressive growth rates. In terms of Indian rupees, the C.A.G.R. over the past five years has been as high as 60.71 percent. The industry exported software and services worth Rs. 0.30 billion (U.S.$ 0.03 billion) in 1985; in 1998-99, a total export of Rs. 109 billion (U.S.$ 2.65 billion) was achieved and it is expected that during 1999-2000, software exports will be worth Rs. 172 billion (U.S.$ 3.9 billion). The software industry in India expects to reach an export level of U.S.$ 6.3 billion by 2000-01 and U.S.$ 10 billion by 2001-02. The National IT Task Force of India has set a target of U.S.$ 50 billion of annual I.T. software and services exports by 2008.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

 

For achieving this velocity of business, both the software industry and the Government of India are currently taking some bold and purposeful steps. Amongst others, this exercise includes path-breaking measures adopted by the National IT Task Force to further liberate the economy, simplification of procedures, deployment of additional resources for technical manpower development, new marketing channels, enhancing global brand equity and providing state-of-the-art infrastructure for software development. The thrust on I.T. services like E-commerce, Software Development, Interactive Integration services, Application Service Providers (ASP's).

 

軟件公司地點(diǎn)——Location of Software Companies

 

The mushrooming of new software companies until a couple of years ago was limited to a few cities. The industry was mainly concentrated around Bangalore, Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi, Pune, Hyderabad and Calcutta. However, with the infotech revolution sweeping India, we have witnessed a very high growth of infotech companies in other cities and towns as well. Most of the state governments have today accorded the highest priority to the development of the infotech sector in their states.

 

印度軟件行業(yè)的SWTO分析——SWOT Analysis of Indian Software Industry

 

優(yōu)勢(shì)——Strengths

 

High Quality & Price Performance: Quality is the hallmark of Indian I.T. software and, services. ISO 9000 certification and SEI Level 5 are the order of the day. High quality knowledge workers and attractive price performance have been and will continue to be a key component of India's value proposition.

 

Large Pool of Knowledge Workers: The basic raw material for any software development activity or a dotcom start up is the availability of quality knowledge workers. India's main competitive advantage is its abundant, high-quality and cost effective human resources.

 

Currently, India trains more than 73,000 professionals a year and has around 80,000 people working in the software and services sector. This is the second largest I.T. work force in the world. Recently, the Government of India has committed to providing computer education in every school by year 2003.

 

State-of-the-art Technologies: A majority of Indian software companies use state-of-the-art technologies, including the latest in client-networking, E-commerce, Internet, ASP, CASE tools, communication software, ATM, protocols, GUI etc.

 

Flexibility and Adaptability: Indian software professionals easily adapt themselves to new technologies. In the software industry, where technological obsolescence is the order of the day, flexibility to adapt to new technologies a major strength#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

 

Reliability: Software programmers from India are able to provide expertise for all or large projects with dollar savings. The motto is ultimate adherence delivery schedules and customer satisfaction

 

Off-shore Development through Datacom links: Off-shore software development in India especially through high-speed datacom (satellite links), provides immense cost and time saving.

 

Large Projects: Indian companies increasingly large numbers are demonstrating their ability to handle large projects (more than 500-700 man- ears), including turnkey projects.

 

High Growth: Software exports as well as the domestic demand in the last few years has been consistently growing at annual growth rate of about 50 percent.

 

Engineering Base: A strong base of national institutes, engineering college and universities has laid a strong foundation of education in engineering skills amongst Indian software professionals. The IIT's (Indian Institute of Information Technology) in various cities are the new institutions to join the bandwagon.

 

Mathematical and Logic Expertise: India's success in providing efficient software solutions can be also attributed to the mathematical and logical ability Indian's.

 

High Aspirations: The Indian IT software and services industry has set itself higher aspirations and goals. Th recent aspiration is to reach annual revenues of U.S.$ 87 billion by 2008 (from a level of U.S.$3.9 billion during 1998 99), achieve 100 percent literacy, more, employment and entrepreneurship opportunities.

 

Indians in Silicon Valley: As per a recent survey, 23 of the Fortune 500 company CEOs are of Indian origin. It has been reported that a business plan of a dotcom company in Silicon valley, U.S.A. receives higher priority if an Indian name associated with it. The successful India in Silicon Valley has organise themselves under the Indus Entrepreneurs Group (TiE).

 

Government Encouragement: Since 1999 the Government of India has accorded thrust area status to the software sector. The Government has amended the Copyright Law to make it one of the toughest in the world; eliminated import duty on computer software; exempted profits derived from software exports from Income Tax etc. The Government of India has also set up innovative scheme like Software Technology Parks, etc., for promoting software exports.

 

Infrastructure: A growing number of State Governments and cities are building hi-tech buildings and habitats to accommodate the ever increasing numbers of software companies and enterprises. These are in the form of intelligent habitats and buildings and include infrastructural support like high- class value-added data communication services, captive power, recreational facilities, etc. They incorporate state-of- art facilities viz. plug-and-play features. This is assisting companies to quickly set up their software operations in India.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

 

Global Research & Development: More and more multinationals are setting up their global R&D units in India, recognising the immense power of local talent.

 

劣勢(shì)——Weaknesses

 

Lack of Package Orientation: Although, a few companies have started making shrink-wrapped software packages, the industry as a whole is still not oriented towards development of world class 'shrink-wrapped' software packages. Thus, the industry is not able to take advantage of a multiplier effect for growth in revenues.

 

Lack of Domestic Computerisation: Lack of adequate computerisation has led to a relatively weak domestic software market. Even, the PC penetration rate is very low.

 

Lack of Internet Penetration: With low penetration of PC's, it is obvious that Internet penetration is also poor. At the end of the year 1999, India could only boast of 6,10,000 Internet connections with about 2.1 million users. The recently announced Internet Service Provider policy is expected to improve the situation.

 

Original Technology: The Indian software industry possesses the expertise to absorb and use the latest technology. However, barring a few exceptions, it has still not produced enough original technology breakthroughs. Succinctly put, the industry has not created original operating systems or new computer languages and technologies, which could be used globally.

 

Mission Critical Real Time Operations: Some of the leading companies in India have handled software development for mission critical real time operations. However, the industry as a whole does not have much experience in this field.

 

Project Management Skills: As the Indian software industry has been growing at a fast rate, most of the project managers are becoming entrepreneurs, thus creating a gap in demand and supply of project management skills.

 

Venture Capital: In building a robust venture creation process, India still faces few constraints. To build a prolific venture community, India needs to focus on boosting all stages of venture creation process and have simplified procedures so that the domestic Venture Capital movement can flourish and overseas Venture Capital funds can be attracted.

 

Localisation: With the exception of isolated cases, not much exists in providing software applications in innumerable local languages. Thus, computer penetration in India is restricted to merely the English speaking population.

 

機(jī)會(huì)——Opportunities

 

Global Market: The market is large and rapidly changing-from a mix of legacy client server to web / package-based services. Market openings are emerging across I.T. services, software products, I.T. enabled services and E-businesses, and creating a number of new opportunities for Indian companies.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

 

Domestic Demand: The corporate, government and consumer sector of the Indian domestic market offers a U.S.$ 18 billion opportunity by 2008 to software and services companies.

 

Outsourcing: The global outsourcing business was worth U.S.$ 77 billion in 1997 and has been growing at the rate of 15-18 percent per annum. A recent survey indicates that by 2002, more than 59 percent of the Fortune 1000 companies and other multinationals will outsource some part of their application development and maintenance activities. India can gain and corner a greater marketplace.

 

E-Commerce/E-Business: India not only has a huge opportunity to service this market but also has a unique opportunity to address the needs of the NRI community around the world.

 

Overseas Listings: India today commands a very high respect among investors in India and overseas. Almost all major overseas stock exchanges -are keen for Indian software companies to list themselves on their respective exchanges. This is a major opportunity for the Indian software industry to attract the requisite investments.

 

Internet Service Provider (ISP) Policy: The recent permission to allow private ISP's operate in India and set up their own gateways will unprecedented Internet proliferation throughout India.

 

威脅——Threats

 

Government Interference: In the past decade, the Government and industry have worked very well together in India for the success of the I.T. software and services industry. Now the Government's role needs to be increasingly directed towards providing suitable infrastructure and continuing its role in the simplification of policies. Any further plans for Government control, restrictions or undue interference could well pose a threat to the industry.

 

Telecom Infrastructure: The immediate need of the hour in India is to have a world class telecom infrastructure at globally competitive tariffs. The Department of Telecommunications has taken a number of initiatives including the National Telecommunication Backbone, National Internet Backbone, and plans for providing high bandwidth Internet connectivity to remote corners of India. However, Government monopoly, lack of speed and adherence to archaic telecommunication rules and regulations can prove to be a threat to the industry.

 

Lack of Speed: The world is moving at the speed of Internet. The decision- making and time taken for implementation in India needs to be at a much faster pace so that the Indian I.T. software and services industry does not lose any opportunities.

 

Infrastructure: Although, the software industry is growing at a phenomenal rate, many other sectors in India have not yet been able to keep pace with it. Lately, almost all major cities are building hi-tech buildings to house the software industry. These buildings have state-of-art infrastructure, data communication facilities, captive power etc. But, lack of power, highways, housing and international airports is some cities has become a major constraint.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

 

Cost: Rising cost of infrastructure, basic amenities and salaries can pose a threat if not adequately balanced with value addition.

 

Protectionism by Export Destinations: Many countries in North America and Western Europe are creating protective and non-tariff trade barriers, especially with regard to the movement of skilled manpower. Visa issues and non-tariff trade barrier may prove to be a threat. India should insist for removal of non-trade tariff barriers at WTO.

 

平衡交易的影響——Effect on balance of trade

 

The eruption of the global financial crisis in Sep08 led to withdrawal of foreign capital in Oct08-Feb09 and 10% depreciation in the rupee against the dollar. But the crisis did little to alter the longer-term fundamentals of the economy and its attractiveness as an investment destination. Not surprisingly, and given hitherto cheap equity valuations, capital flows returned from March. This has brought the rupee back to pre-Oct08 levels even as foreign exchange reserves have risen by over USD25bn since Mar09. Looking ahead, we continue to envision a strong balance of payments position but do not expect the current pace of inflows to continue. Our view that the drop in global output in 4Q08 was largely shell-shock has implications not just for the shape of the recovery in output, but also for financial flows and markets.

 

資本賬戶提高——Capital account to improve

 

Annual capital inflows more than doubled to over USD 30bn in 2004-06 from the previous three-year period and surged further to USD 110bn in FY07. This was driven by rising external commercial borrowings (ECBs) and strong portfolio flows. Net foreign direct investments (FDI) also improved markedly, but not as much as ECBs or portfolio capital flows, partly because overseas direct investments have also increased in recent years.

 

目前賬戶余額惡化——Current account balance to worsen

 

The key driver of the current account will continue to be merchandise trade. India's growth, driven by domestic demand, is likely to exceed global growth and for this reason import growth is likely to exceed export growth. Since emerging market growth, the key driver of global growth ahead, is also commodity intensive (due to growing demand for infrastructure, private transport etc.), it is probable that the terms of trade for India will continue to worsen and further widen the deficit. In FY08, the trade deficit hit double digits as a share of GDP. Looking ahead, we pencil in a trade deficit of about 7.5% of GDP in FY09 and 8.5% of GDP in FY10. Fortunately for the balance of payments, the rise in domestic growth was synchronous with the rise in software sector exports. The services balance, led mainly by software exports, has risen from 0.5% of GDP a decade ago to more than 4% of GDP in FY08. This and strong remittances have helped to contain the current account deficit. Going forward, this trend should continue. The share of outsourcing in total global technology spending is still low. In addition, the US accounts for more than half of India's software exports. Further expansion of software exports to Europe and emerging markets (already underway) is expected to keep the growth rate of this sector elevated (annual growth averaged 30% between 2002-08). At the same time, remittances, which averaged 3.3% of GDP in 1998-2007, are likely to remain at least as high. Together, this should help limit the damage from widening merchandise deficits. We expect the shrinkage in the current account deficit in FY09 (from 2.6% of GDP to 1% of GDP) to be temporary and pencil in a wider current account deficit of 2.1% of GDP in FY10, and foresee such a trend persisting.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

 

印度對(duì)外直接投資——India's outward FDI

 

The most important destinations of Indian outward FDI to-date are the United States, which accounted for 19% of total cumulative outflows during fiscal years 1996-2003, and the Russian Federation, with 18% of the cumulative outflows, a share that includes the $1.7 billion acquisition of a 20% stake in Sakhalin oil and gas field by the Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC) in 2001. Two tax-havens, Bermuda and British Virgin Islands, together accounted for 11% of cumulative outward FDI, followed by Mauritius (9%). The double taxation avoidance treaty between India and Mauritius seems to have encouraged Indian firms to "round trip" investment through Mauritius and other tax haven countries to take advantage of the tax benefits enjoyed by overseas investors. Recent steps aimed at taxing in India companies resident in Mauritius that are also resident in, and effectively managed from, India, should diminish the round-tripping phenomenon. Overall, more than two-thirds of cumulative Indian outward FDI flows have gone to developing countries. India is becoming an important investor for the United Kingdom and France. According to UK Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment, during 2003-2004 India ranked seventh in terms of both jobs created from its investments in the United Kingdom and number of FDI projects. Investments there are largely related to IT, but also in biotech, food and drink, and film production. In France, India ranked thirteenth in terms of number of projects in 2003, a nearly three-fold increase compared with the number of projects in the previous year. France is now trying to woo actively such Indian TNCs as Tata, Reliance, Godrej and Mahindra & Mahindra.

 

The top 15 Indian IT software and related service companies have all invested abroad, mostly in developed countrie. Infosys Technologies Ltd. Announced that it planned to create a new affiliate (Infosys Consulting) in the United States. Wipro Ltd., Birlasoft Ltd., and HCL Technologies Ltd. have operations in the United Kingdom and United States. Satyam Computer Services Ltd. has just launched its largest global development centre outside India in Australia. In addition, Indian call centres and business process outsourcing (BPO) companies are setting up operations abroad. For instance, Daksh eServices, India's largest BPO company has recently established a facility in the Philippines;iv MsourcE established a Spanish language centre in Tijuana, Mexico in 2003; Datamatics Technologies had acquired CorPay Solutions (United States) for $9 million in 2003 and is planning to acquire more companies in the United States, Europe and Canada;v Hinduja TMT Ltd acquired a controlling interest in c3, a call centre in the Philippines in 2003 for $3.9 million; and HCL Technologies announced in September 2004 that it would expand its call centre operation in Belfast with further investment of 1.9 million pounds.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

 

軟件和IT服務(wù)在印度的重要性——IMPORTANCE OF SOFTWARE AND IT SERVICES IN INDIA

 

New revenues. Domestic IT spending has grown from $23.6 billion in 2006 to $30.5 billion in 2008. It is expected to grow by another $4.3 billion to a total of $34.8 billion in 2009.

 

New jobs. By the end of 2009, the IT sector alone will have added 1.5 million new jobs to the Indian economy since 2006; over half of those new jobs will be software-related.

 

More tax revenue. By the end of 2009, those new jobs and IT spending will have pumped almost $3.2 billion into the economy since 2006.

 

New investment. In 2008, international firms alone invested $3.5 billion in local operations and other foreign direct investment. International and India-based software and IT services suppliers share the domestic market in almost equal proportions. This mix of local and international suppliers is good for the Indian economy. Local firms develop and support software that runs on platforms from international firms; international firms rely on local distribution and IT services firms to reach the market.

 

India's IT market is on the right track. From 2006 to 2008, India's IT spending increased by more than 10%, from $27.3 billion to $30.5 billion. This trend is projected to continue over the next five years. Forecast is that India will have the sixth largest five-year compound annual growth rate (CAGR) in IT investment from 2008 to 2013 among the 55 countries that IDC tracks. The only countries expected to grow faster are Russia, China, Turkey, Indonesia, and Vietnam, but it should be noted that in 2007, the combined IT spending of these countries was less than that of India. In addition, India is the only one of these countries that is expected to increase the rate of IT spending in the next five years.

 

Indian IT believes that there is an important connection between an economy's effective use of technology to promote productivity and economic growth, and its spending on software and IT services to get the most out of that technology. IT services, for instance, include everything from support and training to asset management, integration of new technology with existing technology, and localization. IDC uses this relationship between technology and software and IT services .specifically the ratio of software to hardware spending. In its ranking of information societies. IDC does so under the premise that more sophisticated business applications and computerized processes require more complex software. This, in turn, requires more complex third-party IT services. For custom development, systems integration, IT planning, maintenance, outsourcing, and so on. Hence, IDC believes that, in general, the higher the proportion of software to hardware, the more robust the information economy.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

 

印度對(duì)國(guó)際化IT的投資——INTERNATIONAL IT INVESTMENT IN INDIA

 

In addition to the contributions made through international software and IT services firms' products and services, the direct and indirect investments in India of these firms make a substantial contribution to India's economy. These investments take a variety of forms, from establishing local subsidiaries or buying equity in joint ventures to investing in India-based R&D and IT services delivery, supporting local universities and development funds, and participating in venture capital funds that invest in India. Based on results for the first seven months of 2008, foreign direct investment into India in 2008 totalled over $55 billion. About 70% of this investment went into wholly owned subsidiaries, 23% into equity joint ventures, and the rest into contract joint ventures. Manufacturing concerns were responsible for much of this investment, but the contributions of software and IT services firms were significant. Examples of such software and IT services investments include:

 

In 2004, Autodesk, through its Discreet subsidiary, now known as its Media and Entertainment division, started developing a localized version of its 3D Studio Max 3D modelling, animation, and rendering software, which is used worldwide for the development of digital media, TV, and games. That localization, and the training that Autodesk supplies with it, offers a new competitive advantage for China's video and game designers.

SAP, third in the India ERM market,15 opened a global support center in Delhi in 2004, which followed the opening of an R&D lab in India in 2003. That lab now employs about 400 people and is expected to expand to over 1,500 by 2009. Today, the company has over 1,000 employees in India.

Early in 2002, Cadence began to evolve its existing sales joint venture company into four direct sales, support, and R&D offices in India. Later that year, Cadence opened its High- Speed Technology Centre in Chennai to provide local education and customized design solutions. In 2003, Cadence signed a letter of understanding with the Ministry of Education (MOE) to develop India's first IC design training program, setting the framework for the India National IC Design Talent Incubation Program.

In 2005, Microsoft invested about $100 million in R&D in India. The company, which already has 800 people working in its India R&D lab, expects to further expand in the coming years. In 2005, the company formed a joint venture with Hyderabad Alliance Investment Limited to launch MSN India. From 2002 to 2005, the company worked closely with India's National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) to boost the local software industry. The cooperation amounts to $750 million), including investment, training software engineers in the country, hardware procurement, and technical cooperation. The company makes its Xbox in India and has bought equity stakes in a number of local companies.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

IBM, which has been investing in India for many years, opened its first wholly owned subsidiary in 1992 and followed up with one of the first foreign R&D labs in 1995. In 1999, the company set up a software development lab in Bangalore, which now has over 2,000 employees. Since then, the company has launched a number of service delivery centres, innovation centres to support small and medium-sized businesses as part of its labs, and even a venture capital arm that works with a network of other venture capital firms to help launch Indian start-ups. IBM has over 5,000 non-manufacturing employees in India, including research, marketing, sales, software development, and service delivery employees.

Such investments are so important that IDC found that about 70% of revenues generated in the domestic Indian market by international IT companies stay in India. This is because they spend on local service delivery, marketing, sales and distribution, and growing India-based R&D and product development.

 

軟件和服務(wù)企業(yè)的就業(yè)和稅收優(yōu)惠——EMPLOYMENT AND TAX BENEFITS FROM SOFTWARE AND IT SERVICES FIRMS

 

國(guó)際公司——International Firms

 

IT investment generates positive returns throughout the economy, including the creation of new jobs, which in turn increases tax receipts. Since 2004, Indian IT sector has conducted studies in 70 countries on the relationship between IT spending and employment and tax receipts within the country. Employment is measured both within IT vendors and within IT-using organizations; taxes include taxes and fees on corporations and individuals, including consumption taxes. At current market shares, international companies account for just over half of 2007 employment and tax revenues related to software.

 

國(guó)際公司幫助推動(dòng)當(dāng)?shù)厥杖?mdash;—INTERNATIONAL FIRMS HELP DRIVE LOCAL REVENUES

 

The balance between India-based firms and international firms is perhaps best shown by looking at revenues generated by local firms working with the products and services of international firms. Using market share data and information on software shipments by operating system to allocate local software and IT services revenues to that which runs on, works with, or is otherwise associated with international software, IDC quantified the contribution of international software and IT services suppliers to local revenues. Examples are India-made business intelligence software that works with international ERM systems or local IT services installing international CRM systems. Distribution revenues are those associated with both international software and IT services and local software and IT services that are tied to international software.

 

結(jié)論——CONCLUSION#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

 

For India's economic growth to continue at or close to double-digit rates, the literature and research indicate that investment in IT must continue at a pace that exceeds that of GDP growth. At the firm level, IT investments generate organizational benefits beyond simply the ROI of one project after another. At the country level, these firm-level effects add up, aiding economic growth and improving the living standards of citizens.

 

Today, IT is delivered to the market through a mix of entities. India-based local suppliers, India-based international firms, joint ventures between Indian companies and international companies, and directly from international companies. The research with IT executives within India indicates that the market requires and is well-served with this mix of local and international suppliers. It is clearly indicated that international software and IT services firms make a substantial contribution to India's economy. By creating jobs and additional local revenues such as through India-based suppliers working with international products. The data shows that India's dramatic economic growth will be enhanced for years to come on this healthy balance between international suppliers and an increasingly robust Indian IT industry.

 

參考——REFERENCES

 

Arora, A., Arunachalam, V.S., Asundi, J.M., and Fernandes, R. (2001) The Indi an Software Services Industry, Research Policy, 30, 8, 267-1287

Athreye, S. and Arora, A. (2002) The Software Industry and India's Economic Development, Information Economics and Policy, 14, 2, 253-73

Economist, 2002. Outward Bound: Do Developing Countries Gain or Lose when Brightest Talents Go Abroad? September 28, 364, 8292, 24-26.

Reizman, R.G., Summers, P. and Whitman, C. (1996) The Engine of Growth or its Handmaiden? A Time Series Assessment of Export-Led Growth, Empirical economics 21, 1, 77-110.

http://www.expresscomputeronline.com/20090720/edit01.shtml

http://www.heinz.cmu.edu/project/india/pubs/Sloan_Report_final.html

http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/aprc005/aprc005.html