Research Paper(研究dissertation)主要考察學(xué)生對(duì)某一學(xué)科的學(xué)術(shù)知識(shí)的掌握和理解,是留學(xué)生常遇到的學(xué)期dissertation題材之一。Research Paper涉及到一整門(mén)學(xué)科,可能很多內(nèi)容是幾個(gè)月以前學(xué)到的,寫(xiě)作之前還要進(jìn)行復(fù)習(xí),做大量的準(zhǔn)備工作,寫(xiě)作難度相當(dāng)大。而且國(guó)外對(duì)學(xué)生dissertation的審查及其嚴(yán)格,一旦出現(xiàn)不合格的情況,會(huì)對(duì)畢業(yè)產(chǎn)生很大影響,多少留學(xué)生為了dissertation通宵達(dá)旦、戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)兢兢。今天小編給大家介紹一種高效的research paper寫(xiě)作方法,已經(jīng)有無(wú)數(shù)小伙伴親身試驗(yàn)有效。具體是什么呢?一起來(lái)看看吧。
做好準(zhǔn)備工作
第一步: Dig into the research process(深入研究課題)
展開(kāi)dissertation寫(xiě)作最重要的第一步就是先研究要撰寫(xiě)的課題,通過(guò)研究你會(huì):
· 了解你的課題
· 為你的dissertation構(gòu)思想法
· 形成一個(gè)論點(diǎn)
· 用權(quán)威的語(yǔ)言來(lái)談?wù)撃愕脑掝}
這個(gè)階段的主要任務(wù)是收集整理資料,給大家推薦幾種dissertation素材庫(kù):
· Google Scholar 谷歌學(xué)術(shù)搜索
· Online encyclopedias, almanacs, and databases 在線百科,年鑒和數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)
· Books and periodicals 書(shū)籍和期刊
· Newspapers報(bào)刊
· Government publications, guides, and reports 政府出版物、工作指南和報(bào)告
Tips:
當(dāng)你整理搜索的資料時(shí),一定要記筆記。通過(guò)記錄參考資料,在之后寫(xiě)dissertation時(shí)就可以引用它們,并建立參考文獻(xiàn)目錄。
可以利用一些大學(xué)的在線英文寫(xiě)作實(shí)驗(yàn)室網(wǎng)站,比如美國(guó)普杜大學(xué)的The Purdue Online Writing Lab(OWL)具有非常優(yōu)秀的寫(xiě)作資源,可以幫助你了解需要收集哪些信息,以正確地引用參考文獻(xiàn)。
將所記的筆記儲(chǔ)存在一個(gè)電子表格中,主要包括你想要在dissertation中用到的內(nèi)容,以及dissertation引用/參考書(shū)目所必需的信息。
每一列可以劃分以下幾類:標(biāo)題、作者、參考鏈接、頁(yè)碼和引述等。
征詢你的導(dǎo)師或大學(xué)的寫(xiě)作實(shí)驗(yàn)室,確定最佳的引文格式。大家可以利用Grammarly Premium語(yǔ)法軟件,識(shí)別出需要引用的部分以及使用準(zhǔn)確的引文格式。
第二步: #p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#Organize before you start writing. (謀篇布局)
通過(guò)課題研究,你已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了大量的想法。如果不提前構(gòu)思,dissertation就會(huì)缺乏重點(diǎn),之后就會(huì)花更多的時(shí)間去梳理回顧,所以現(xiàn)在就要開(kāi)始構(gòu)思如何組織內(nèi)容。
1.The Thesis Statement 確定dissertation中心句
dissertation中心句是文章主要觀點(diǎn)的總結(jié),以及表明你所支持的論點(diǎn)。
大多數(shù)研究dissertation會(huì)在開(kāi)頭介紹段的末尾撰寫(xiě)dissertation主題句,你在dissertation中提出的每一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)都應(yīng)該支持你提出的這個(gè)中心思想。
研究dissertation一般分為三類:
· 分析型(對(duì)信息進(jìn)行分析)
· 解釋型(解釋某方面的信息)
· 辯證型(就一個(gè)結(jié)論論證)
dissertation主題句應(yīng)該與你所寫(xiě)的dissertation類型相符合。
Examples:
分析型dissertation主題句:
An analysis of the college admission process reveals one challenge facing counselors: accepting students with high test scores or students with strong extracurricular backgrounds.
解釋型dissertation主題句:
The life of the typical college student is characterized by time spent studying, attending class, and socializing with peers.
辯證型dissertation主題句:
High school graduates should be required to take a year off to pursue community service projects before entering college in order to increase their maturity and global awareness.
2.The Outline大綱
在正式寫(xiě)作之前,大綱會(huì)幫助你理清思路。一旦你完成了dissertation主題句,思考一下你需要提供哪些主要觀點(diǎn)來(lái)支持這個(gè)主題句。這些要點(diǎn)是你的副標(biāo)題,在每個(gè)子標(biāo)題下面組織你的想法和信息。
Tips:
任何不符合你大綱框架、不直接支持你的論點(diǎn)的信息,不管多么有趣,都不應(yīng)包含在研究dissertation中。
一定要專注于你的主要任務(wù),你了解到的一些知識(shí)可能很吸引人,但要考慮和你的dissertation是否相關(guān)。
按照大綱執(zhí)行寫(xiě)作
到這一步,你會(huì)對(duì)你在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)的想法感到很興奮,并且在這之前你已經(jīng)確立了主要論點(diǎn)和文章大綱,接下來(lái)你的寫(xiě)作方向就會(huì)很清晰。#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#
學(xué)術(shù)dissertation的結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該包括以下幾部分:
1.The Introduction
在這一部分,主要交代文章的背景以及下文如何展開(kāi)。
開(kāi)頭句應(yīng)該足夠有吸引力。不要因?yàn)槟阏趯?xiě)一篇學(xué)術(shù)dissertation,開(kāi)頭就呈現(xiàn)得枯燥乏味。
主要內(nèi)容:
· 解釋你的dissertation的目的,以及你打算如何處理這個(gè)主題;
· 描述你是如何組織文章內(nèi)容的;
· 最后用一句主題句來(lái)結(jié)束開(kāi)頭段。
具體步驟:
Set the context
設(shè)置背景——提供關(guān)于主要觀點(diǎn)的信息、解釋dissertation的情境,以方便讀者理解你的主題和你支持的觀點(diǎn)。
State why the main idea is important
說(shuō)明為什么主要觀點(diǎn)很重要—告訴讀者為什么需要繼續(xù)閱讀下去,你的目標(biāo)是創(chuàng)造一篇引人注目的、清晰的、令人信服的文章,能夠使人們想要閱讀并付諸行動(dòng)。
State your thesis/claim
陳述你的觀點(diǎn)/主張,寫(xiě)一兩個(gè)句子,陳述你將理性支持的觀點(diǎn),從以下幾方面來(lái)呈現(xiàn):
合理的推理:歸納,演繹;
恰到好處的情感吸引力;
作者的可信度;
2.The Body
這一部分就是大綱派上用場(chǎng)的時(shí)候了,圍繞dissertation主題句展開(kāi)并證明你的觀點(diǎn)。
具體步驟如下:
1. Insert a Topic Sentence 插入主題句
2. Explain Your Topic Sentence 解釋主題句
3. Introduce Your Evidence 介紹論據(jù)
4. Insert Your Evidence 插入論據(jù)
5. Unpack Your Evidence 展開(kāi)論據(jù)
6. Explain Your Evidence 解釋論據(jù)
7. Insert a Concluding Sentence 插入結(jié)尾句
Example:
主要論點(diǎn):
The University of Texas (UT) provides a diversity of social, academic and athletic opportunities for students. This can be a powerful positive force, but it can also detract from students? abilities to manage their time. More attention to time management training is needed to ensure that all UT students graduate with the ability to succeed in their chosen careers .
正文:
(1) While there is little doubt that extracurricular opportunities at UT are a positive and critical component of students? overall development, providing students with time management skills is equally important. (3) One only needs to look at past alumni to see the validity of this claim. As famous alum George W. Bush states, (4) “I sometimes overdid it when I was at UT, missing out on valuable academic opportunities. Fortunately, I buckled down in my senior year and managed to make a „C? average and things have worked out fine since” (227). (5) In this example, George W. Bush is arguing that the detrimental effects of extracurricular excesses can be rectified in the senior year of college. (6)While George W. Bush is certainly correct when he implies that it is never too late for a student to try to raise his or her GPA, it is probably better for students to attempt to balance academic and other activities early in their college career. Also, Bush assumes that all students can achieve what they want with a „C? average, but many students need higher GPAs in order to apply to professional school, graduate school and for graduate-entry jobs. (7) While extracurricular activities are often a positive and critical component of student life at UT, administrators should consider instigating a time management education and awareness course for all incoming freshmen. After all, not every UT graduate will be as lucky as George W. Bush; if our students are going to succeed in business and higher education, we need to first ensure they understand the importance of time management.#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#
3.Conclusion
到了總結(jié)部分,大多數(shù)研究dissertation會(huì)重新陳述主題句進(jìn)行結(jié)尾。
主要內(nèi)容:
· 簡(jiǎn)要地總結(jié)一下你的觀點(diǎn)。
· 解釋為什么你相信這些觀點(diǎn)支持你的論點(diǎn)。
· 如果你的研究存在不確定性,那就指出為什么你認(rèn)為這個(gè)話題需要進(jìn)一步的研究。
仔細(xì)修改
在你完成第一稿后,一定要進(jìn)行修改。這個(gè)過(guò)程不僅僅是修復(fù)錯(cuò)別字和添加或減去逗號(hào)那么簡(jiǎn)單。
下面為大家整理了檢查問(wèn)題清單,可以幫助你確保dissertation是完整通順的。
Developmental Edit
結(jié)構(gòu)安排
檢查問(wèn)題如下:
· Is your thesis statement clear and concise?你的dissertation中心觀點(diǎn)是否清晰明了?
· Is your paper well-organized and does it flow from beginning to end with logical transitions?你的dissertation結(jié)構(gòu)是否流暢?從開(kāi)頭到結(jié)尾是否有邏輯性地過(guò)渡?
· Do your ideas follow a logical sequence in each paragraph?每一段,你的觀點(diǎn)表達(dá)是否遵循邏輯順序?
· Have you used concrete details and facts and avoided generalizations?你是否使用過(guò)具體的細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí),避免籠統(tǒng)的歸納?
· Do your arguments support and prove your thesis?你的論據(jù)能夠支持并證明你的論點(diǎn)嗎?
· Have you avoided repetition?你是否避免了觀點(diǎn)的重復(fù)?
· Are your sources properly cited?你的資料來(lái)源是否準(zhǔn)確?
· Have you checked for accidental plagiarism?你檢查過(guò)文章是否存在抄襲嗎?
Line Edit
詞句表達(dá)
檢查問(wèn)題如下:
· Is your language clear and specific?你的語(yǔ)言是否清晰明確?
· Do your sentences flow smoothly and clearly? (Hint: Read your paper aloud to help you catch syntax problems.)你的句子流暢而清晰嗎?(提示:大聲朗讀你的dissertation,能幫助你發(fā)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)法問(wèn)題。)
· Have you avoided filler words and phrases?你有沒(méi)有避免無(wú)意義的填充詞和短語(yǔ)?
· Have you checked for proper grammar, spelling, and punctuation? (Hint: Grammarly can help!)你有沒(méi)有檢查語(yǔ)法、拼寫(xiě)和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)是否正確?(提示:可借助Grammarly Premium語(yǔ)法軟件識(shí)別錯(cuò)誤)#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#