How to write a research paper 「寫作指導(dǎo)」

How to write a research paper?Writing a research paper might seem too daunting at first, but it is not that complicated. Once you know the proper steps to follow, the process will become easier. The only challenge might stem from the kind of research that this paper needs, but no one has to lose hope of writing a perfect document. This article provides you with relevant writing research paper tips, steps and examples for your reference.

一．what is a research paper

A research essay is a large scientific work. The main goal of this project, regardless of the subject, is defining a particular issue and providing new ways to solve it that can be used to further investigate the problem. So, what is the accurate research paper definition? Unlike regular essays, such projects imply thinking out of the box. Here are the major features that distinguish research papers from other academic tasks.

1.More extensive in volume than other written assignments.

2.Needs extensive investigation on a particular problem.

3.Often requires conducting experiments along with further results’ analysis.

4.Insights should be based on your own thoughts, as well as experiments.

5.Purpose implies finding some novel solutions or approaches.

6.Everything should be supported by solid, verifiable evidence.

7.Findings should be good enough to serve as a basis for further study.

Basically, if you want to define a research paper, you would be speaking about academic work done completely independently. In such a project, you are supposed to present your own view on things you investigate.

二．how to write a research paper

Step1:Organization is important

You can follow these steps to organize your overall paper format:

Carefully select your topic

Look for sources that are relevant and ensure they are reliable

Use index cards to jot down important notes that might e needed throughout the process of writing.

Organize your notes based on the topics they come under.

Have a well-thought outline

Write the first rough draft to give you a gist of what your research paper will look like.

Go through the draft once you are done writing and rewrite

Edit when necessary

Step2:Undertake proper research

The library is the best place to start looking for relevant information for your research paper. It has reliable and helpful sources that will prove essential in the whole process. The library must contain journals, books and published articles that contain information that might support your thesis and the topic at large.

The library also has free internet, which comes in handy in your research. The best way to do this is to find the best quiet place that you can carry on with your work without distractions. Feel free to ask for help from the librarians. The internet is rich with information, even though one has to be careful not to use unreliable internet sources. There are numerous scholarly articles online, and you can crosscheck their reliability using alternative sites and reference book. For general background information from the internet, you can use URLs, general information online, almanacs or encyclopedias online. You can make use of search engines for your online research.

You also have to pay attention to domain names for instance educational institution (.ed) government (.gov) or non-profit organization (.org). Such sites are more reliable, but you must look out for political bias especially from some of the government sites. You should be careful with commercial (.com) sites since some of them contain adverts and nothing more.

You can use Online Public Access Catalog to find books in the library.

The idea is to have enough material for your topic.

Step3:Carefully select your topic

If you have the liberty to choose a topic, settle on the one that you are interested in and are curious about it. This motivates you to do the necessary research for it. Do not make a mistake of choosing a topic that is too general. This can be too problematic since there will be too much information to include in your paper, something that might present a serious challenge. You have to make your very specific. The argument that you are going to include in your paper should revolve around this topic. The major portion of your research paper will have arguments that support this topic.

如果你有選擇話題的自由，選擇一個(gè)你感興趣和好奇的話題。這會激勵(lì)你做必要的研究。不要錯(cuò)誤地選擇一個(gè)過于籠統(tǒng)的主題。這可能會有很大的問題，因?yàn)樵谀愕恼撐闹邪颂嗟男畔?，這可能會帶來嚴(yán)重的挑戰(zhàn)。你得說得非常具體。你要在你的論文中包含的論點(diǎn)應(yīng)該圍繞這個(gè)主題。你的研究論文的主要部分將有支持這個(gè)主題的論點(diǎn)。

A research paper ought to have a good thesis statement. This should be produced early in the paper, preferably in the introduction or the second paragraph if your paper is going to be lengthy. Creating a thesis statement cannot be done immediately during the preliminary steps of your paper. You should have the materials you need, analyze them together with your ideas. A finally formulated thesis statement comes after you have completed your paper. The change occurs as you proceed with your writing process. You have to ensure that the paper is introducing to the audience something new that no one else has written about it. You cannot include citations in your thesis statement

Step4:Write down proper notes

You have to be organized while taking these notes. You only take the information that is relevant to your topic. You can use highlighters for marking important notes by their topics. This will make it easy to find a specific topic. If possible, photocopy the page or the article that you will need. This saves you time and every time you take note of something, write down its bibliographical information like the author, book title, page number, volume number and publisher’s name and so on. The bibliographical information will be helpful when you are making entries of the sources you have cited in your paper.

Step5:Formulate an outline

Once you have completed your in-depth research, you can formulate an outline for your paper. You can start brainstorming on the information you have and decide which topics they fit best. Brainstorming an outline does not imply that the information has to be structured in sentences. You need to note the part that will start, what will appear in the middle and the end. By now, your research paper has started taking shape.

一旦你完成了深入的研究，你就可以為你的論文制定一個(gè)大綱。你可以開始頭腦風(fēng)暴你所擁有的信息，并決定他們最適合的主題。頭腦風(fēng)暴提綱并不意味著信息必須用句子結(jié)構(gòu)。你需要注意開頭、中間和結(jié)尾的內(nèi)容。到目前為止，你的研究論文已經(jīng)初具規(guī)模。

Writing an outline is an essential step since you can arrange and rearrange information according to what you want. It might take time than the rest of the steps, but it is worth it. It forms the basis of your research paper.

Step6:Write the first draft

After you are satisfied that your outline meets your expectations, you can now write the first draft of your research paper. Using your framework, get all the ideas written down and formulate sentences and paragraphs with them. This is where you give your research paper the ‘flesh’ it needs. With the information you are writing, endure that you can make sense of everything. At this point, you can add more research if need be. This is the first draft, and it is subject to any change you might deem necessary.

Step7:Proofread an edit your final draft

The completion of the rough draft demands you to read it carefully making corrections where necessary. Once you have completed this task, you now sit down and write your final draft. Ensure all the information in your paragraph make sense and flow logically. You have to correct all grammatical errors that are there in the paper and to the same to typographical errors too.

You do not want to submit a paper that is a haven for the wrong spellings. Ensure that all words are correctly spelled. Every source you have used must be listed on the bibliography page. It is imperative to note that in the bibliography, you are supposed to make entries of the sources you have used in the paper. Do not inflate this page with irrelevant references you did not use, just to make a list look long.

Examiners always check to see if the bibliography list confirms with all the citations used in the paper. Conversely, ensure that you have cited any information, ideas, or direct sentences that are not originally yours. Once you have finished all this do the final adjustments that are required. Read your paper or even ask a friend or a professor to go through it and give you necessary feedback. The paper must meet all the requirements of the instructor.

Step8:A good research paper title

A good research paper also relies on a good and well-thought title. The title requires careful thought. You will be surprised that most people might have comprehensive details of their paper but are confused on how to title the same paper.

In most cases, researchers have fallen to the trap of judging a book by its cover. This has played majorly where the readers depend on the tile to influence their decision on the paper. Seeking assistance concerning the development of a good title is essential, but it all comes back to the author when setting the tone of the paper.

在大多數(shù)情況下，研究人員都落入了以貌取人的陷阱。這主要表現(xiàn)在讀者依賴貼圖來影響他們對報(bào)紙的決定。尋求有關(guān)開發(fā)一個(gè)好的標(biāo)題的幫助是必要的，但這一切都回到作者設(shè)定論文的基調(diào)。

Different research papers will come up in different databases and reference sections of research papers. The audience will know what the paper is about and how relevant it is to them based on the title. Having this understanding helps in clearing the fact that a research title is a determinant factor of how many people will read the whole paper.

1.A good research paper title must have the ability to:

Condense the research paper contents in a few words.

Grab the reader’s attention

Enable the paper stand out from the rest of the papers in the same subject field.

Consider the following tips when selecting your research paper title.

2.The title should be simple, brief and attractive

The principal function of the title is to summarize the contents of the paper. It should be kept concise and clear. Use active verbs instead of noun-based phrases and avoid unnecessary details. A good research title should not go beyond 12 words. A long title may come out as unfocused and might lose the reader’s attention from an important point.

3.Utilize appropriate descriptive words

An effective research paper title should incorporate keywords used in the manuscript. It should also define the nature of the study. You have to pay attention to the terms that people would use to search for your study and include them the title.

4.Do not include jargon or abbreviations in your title

You have to leave out jargons and abbreviations in your title. Using abbreviations that are lesser-known will throw off the reader. Abbreviations such as NATO or AIDS can be used since everybody knows them. Using words that are too complex for the readers to understand might makes them abandon your paper altogether. As stressed earlier, keep your title as simple, understandable, and concise as possible.

三．research paper example

Prompt:The career I chose to research was mechanical engineering one of the many fields that engineers can choose from.

I chose this career because it matched my personality assessment done by Achieve Works. Mechanical engineering can range from designing and building big industrial machines to the creation of Tesla electric cars. A few of the responsibilities that would come with this career are to analyze the machines for possible flaws in its design as well as redesigning the machine with your crafted parts.

Job duties for the career consist of design of parts through computer-automated help, check and diagnose any type of system failure, test prototype parts, analyzing and testing any changes in system design, and overseeing the entire process of the manufacture. Educational requirements are a four-year bachelor’s degree. Some of the skills that prove to be helpful in this career are creativity, great listening skills for working with colleagues, as well as great understanding of math and its many variations such as calculus and statistics.

職業(yè)生涯的工作職責(zé)包括通過計(jì)算機(jī)自動(dòng)幫助設(shè)計(jì)零件，檢查和診斷任何類型的系統(tǒng)故障，測試原型零件，分析和測試系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的任何變化，并監(jiān)督整個(gè)制造過程。教育要求是四年制學(xué)士學(xué)位。在這個(gè)職業(yè)中，一些技能被證明是有幫助的，比如創(chuàng)造力，與同事合作時(shí)的傾聽技巧，以及對數(shù)學(xué)及其許多變化的理解，如微積分和統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)。

The salary of mechanical engineers is around the $87,000 range. This job has an outlook of has a nine percent growth rate which is two percent higher than the average for the median of engineers although it is a little higher for engineers the nine percent growth rate is only average based on other careers. A few of the advantages of this field is great employment prospects, job security, an opportunity for advancement and higher pay . Although there are many advantages there are disadvantages to this career as well, such as unpredictable works loads ranging from a 40-hour workweek to a possible 80-hour work week based on the project that the engineers are working on as well as slower finish dates because of disagreements between colleagues .

My AchieveWorks Personality (AWP) assessment I was identified as ISTP. Using the book for this class, Understanding Your LSC Experience, stated that my personality letters were introvert, sensing, thinking, perceiving (ISTP). Introversion is described as people who focus most of the energy inward. Sensing can be described as someone who processes information more by using past experience. Thinking types of people use logic when making any of their decisions and like to analyze each situation through its pros and cons. The perceiving type is described by as people that can change plans as needed and be flexible and expect the unexpected.

To conclude, the next steps that I need to take to pursue this career is to first finish my associates at Lonestar then move on to a four-year university to acquire my bachelor’s degree. The thing I thought was most interesting in this career is that it wasn’t just all about building huge machines you could also building and design more interesting things such as a Tesla. I see this career taking me to broaden my knowledge on things engineers can do with their skill sets since some of these skills are transferable to other fields of engineering.

The career I chose to research was mechanical engineering one of the many fields that engineers can choose from. I chose this career because it matched my personality assessment done by Achieve Works. Mechanical engineering can range from designing and building big industrial machines to the creation of Tesla electric cars. A few of the responsibilities that would come with this career are to analyze the machines for possible flaws in its design as well as redesigning the machine with your crafted parts.

Job duties for the career consist of design of parts through computer-automated help, check and diagnose any type of system failure, test prototype parts, analyzing and testing any changes in system design, and overseeing the entire process of the manufacture. Educational requirements are a four-year bachelor’s degree. Some of the skills that prove to be helpful in this career are creativity, great listening skills for working with colleagues, as well as great understanding of math and its many variations such as calculus and statistics.

The salary of mechanical engineers is around the $87,000 range. This job has an outlook of has a nine percent growth rate which is two percent higher than the average for the median of engineers although it is a little higher for engineers the nine percent growth rate is only average based on other careers. A few of the advantages of this field is great employment prospects, job security, an opportunity for advancement and higher pay . Although there are many advantages there are disadvantages to this career as well, such as unpredictable works loads ranging from a 40-hour workweek to a possible 80-hour work week based on the project that the engineers are working on as well as slower finish dates because of disagreements between colleagues.

機(jī)械工程師的薪水在87,000美元左右。這份工作的前景是有9%的增長率比工程師的平均增長率高2%雖然對工程師來說稍微高一點(diǎn)9%的增長率只是其他職業(yè)的平均增長率。這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的一些優(yōu)勢是良好的就業(yè)前景，工作保障，晉升機(jī)會和更高的工資。雖然這個(gè)職業(yè)有很多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但也有缺點(diǎn)，比如不可預(yù)測的工作量，從每周40小時(shí)工作到可能的每周80小時(shí)工作，基于工程師正在進(jìn)行的項(xiàng)目，以及由于同事之間的分歧，完成日期較慢。

My AchieveWorks Personality (AWP) assessment I was identified as ISTP. Using the book for this class, Understanding Your LSC Experience, stated that my personality letters were introvert, sensing, thinking, perceiving (ISTP). Introversion is described as people who focus most of the energy inward. Sensing can be described as someone who processes information more by using past experience. Thinking types of people use logic when making any of their decisions and like to analyze each situation through its pros and cons. The perceiving type is described by as people that can change plans as needed and be flexible and expect the unexpected.

To conclude, the next steps that I need to take to pursue this career is to first finish my associates at Lonestar then move on to a four-year university to acquire my bachelor’s degree. The thing I thought was most interesting in this career is that it wasn’t just all about building huge machines you could also building and design more interesting things such as a Tesla. I see this career taking me to broaden my knowledge on things engineers can do with their skill sets since some of these skills are transferable to other fields of engineering.

All these aspects help in determining if your paper is effective and to the point. There comes a time in a student’s life when they have to write a research paper. This may create anxiety in the student and bring cases of procrastination. This is a scion of the unfamiliarity that exists among students. Writing a research paper is not a hard task if you think about it.

所有這些方面都有助于確定你的論文是否有效和切題。在學(xué)生的生活中，有一段時(shí)間他們必須寫一篇研究論文。這可能會在學(xué)生中產(chǎn)生焦慮，并帶來拖延癥的情況。這是存在于學(xué)生之間的不熟悉的產(chǎn)物。如果你仔細(xì)想想，寫一篇研究論文并不是一件困難的任務(wù)。

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